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隨著(zhù)我國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，國民生產(chǎn)力及生活水平的提升，很多被人們所忽視的環(huán)境問(wèn)題逐漸顯現出來(lái)，比如廢棄物污染已成為污染環(huán)境的又一大問(wèn)題！當人們在享受物質(zhì)文明的同時(shí)，同時(shí)也在消耗著(zhù)巨大的能源，不論是可再生還是不可再生能源，處理廢棄物的方式，僅僅依靠土地掩埋，也顯得杯水車(chē)薪了，對廢棄物的安全處理，成為了擺在國民面前不得不去克服的難題。本文通過(guò)自身的工作經(jīng)歷，簡(jiǎn)單分析現危廢焚燒處理技術(shù)。</span> </blockquote> <blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px;"> <br /> <p style="text-align:center;"> <span style="font-family:微軟雅黑, ""><strong><span style="font-size:24px;">　　<span style="font-size:24px;color:#009900;">1.固廢分類(lèi)和處理現狀</span></span></strong></span> </p> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""></span><br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>中國《固體法》將固廢物分為工業(yè)固體廢物、生活垃圾和危險廢物三大類(lèi)，其中生活垃圾是指人們在日常生活、工作中產(chǎn)生的廢物，如糞便、餐廚垃圾、廢家俱、廢紙、瓶瓶罐罐等，目前在較大型城市中，比較熱門(mén)的處理方式是建垃圾發(fā)電廠(chǎng)，燃燒產(chǎn)生的煙氣經(jīng)過(guò)無(wú)害化處理后排入大氣。而工業(yè)固廢經(jīng)過(guò)適當的工藝處理，可成為工業(yè)原料或能源，比如制成水泥、混凝土骨料、磚瓦、纖維、鑄石等建筑材料，還可以提取Fe、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn等金屬及V、U、Ge、M o、Sc、Ti等稀有金屬，等。以上簡(jiǎn)單敘述了工業(yè)固體廢物、生活垃圾的分類(lèi)和處理，在本文中不會(huì )再詳細說(shuō)明此二類(lèi)廢物的處理方法，本文重點(diǎn)要敘述的是危險廢物品的處理。</span> </blockquote> <blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px;"> <span style="font-family:'Microsoft YaHei';"><span style="font-size:14px;"><br /> </span></span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>危險廢物的概念已經(jīng)超出了常規固體廢物的范疇，除了通常所指的固體廢物外，許多液體及密封存儲的氣體，這些物質(zhì)對生物體、飲用水、土壤環(huán)境、水體環(huán)境及大氣環(huán)境具有直接危害或潛在危害，這些危害主要包括爆炸性、易燃性、腐蝕性、活潑化學(xué)反應性、毒性、傳染性及某些令人厭惡的特性。隨著(zhù)社會(huì )經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，危險廢物不再只是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)物，其它來(lái)源包括居民生活、商業(yè)機構、農業(yè)生產(chǎn)、醫療服務(wù)及不完善的環(huán)保設施等。對于危險廢物品的處理，焚燒技術(shù)在危廢處理方面得到廣泛的應用，不同的焚燒方式有相應的焚燒爐與之相配合，目前國內較為典型的焚燒模式是回轉窯（臥式圓筒爐）加爐排型焚燒爐。</span> </blockquote> <blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px;"> <br /> <div style="text-align:center;"> <span style="font-family:微軟雅黑, ""><strong><span style="font-size:24px;">　　<span style="font-size:24px;color:#009900;">2.危廢焚燒處理的工藝過(guò)程</span></span></strong></span> </div> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"">2.1進(jìn)料</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>根據危廢的種類(lèi)和熱值的不同，我們將不同的危廢分別放入到不同的倉儲間里，然后由操作人員操作抓斗和行車(chē)，先將不同的危廢混拌在一塊，然后送入到焚燒爐中去焚燒。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"">2.2破碎</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>對于大塊狀的固態(tài)危廢，我們不能馬上送入焚燒爐內，首先必須先經(jīng)過(guò)破碎與減容成小塊狀，然后根據第一條的描述，與其它廢物攪拌之后，方可送入爐內。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"">2.3廢物焚燒</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>現在較為典型的焚燒模式是回轉窯（臥式圓筒爐）加爐排型焚燒爐，危廢在窯內經(jīng)過(guò)分解、干燥、燃燒、燃盡四個(gè)階段，95%以上的廢料已經(jīng)變成爐渣，這些爐渣隨同沒(méi)有燃盡的廢料滾入移動(dòng)式爐排繼續燃燒，最后所有的爐渣進(jìn)入到出渣系統。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>另外，在回轉窯和爐排燃燒所產(chǎn)生的高溫煙氣進(jìn)入二燃室，由于煙氣中含有不少揮發(fā)性物質(zhì)，這些物質(zhì)通常是有毒有害的，為了確保這些物質(zhì)能夠徹底氧化分解，操作人員確保焚燒所產(chǎn)生的煙氣溫度在850℃～1200℃之間，并在二燃室中送入O2，保證煙氣中的有毒有害物質(zhì)氧化分解。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"">2.4余熱利用</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>焚燒所產(chǎn)生的高溫煙氣可利用，比方說(shuō)高溫煙氣進(jìn)入余熱鍋爐，熱量被鍋爐所吸收產(chǎn)生飽和蒸汽，這些蒸汽可用來(lái)發(fā)電或是供給其它熱用戶(hù)。另外還可用來(lái)加熱給水或空氣，提高系統熱效率。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"">2.5尾氣凈化</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>燃燒產(chǎn)生的高溫煙氣雖然可以使二噁英分解，但高溫煙氣經(jīng)過(guò)換熱之后，煙溫降到五六百度，二噁英又會(huì )重新合成。為了避免二噁英的重新合成，必須通過(guò)急冷裝置，將煙溫降到200℃以?xún)?。此外，垃圾焚燒產(chǎn)生的煙氣中含有大量粉塵、酸性氣體和重金屬等有害雜質(zhì)，所以在排放出大氣之前，必須經(jīng)過(guò)處理，比如脫酸、除塵器、堿液罐、活性炭倉、石灰倉、活性焦等。尾氣凈化在危廢焚燒這個(gè)領(lǐng)域是很重要的，處理不當就會(huì )造成大氣污染。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"">2.6焚燒灰渣處理</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>危廢經(jīng)過(guò)焚燒，從爐排、余熱鍋爐、除塵器收集下來(lái)的無(wú)機物和未燃盡的有機物，這些灰渣主要成分是金屬和非金屬氧化物，另外還有一些有毒有害物質(zhì)。如果不經(jīng)過(guò)處理，就會(huì )污染到土壤、地下水?，F在國內應用最廣范的是穩定固化技術(shù)，通過(guò)穩定固化，使危廢中的所有污染組分呈現化學(xué)惰性或被包容起來(lái)，降低了廢物的毒性和可遷移性。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"">2.7固廢填埋</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>對危廢燃燒所產(chǎn)生的灰渣進(jìn)行穩定固化技術(shù)后，就要對這些灰渣進(jìn)行安全填埋。安全填埋場(chǎng)的選擇和設計一定要將廢棄物和滲濾液與環(huán)境隔離開(kāi)的，絕對不能對土壤、地表、地下水造成污染，所以目前國內的填埋場(chǎng)都是設計有防滲和防漏的，對防漏層設計有好幾層不透水層及雨水和滲濾液收集池。</span> </blockquote> <blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px;"> <br /> <p style="text-align:center;"> <span style="font-family:微軟雅黑, ""><strong><span style="font-size:24px;">　　<span style="font-size:24px;color:#009900;">3.鍋爐結焦問(wèn)題及處理</span></span></strong></span> </p> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>在處理危廢的焚燒過(guò)程中，會(huì )遇到一個(gè)比較棘手的問(wèn)題，就是在焚燒設備內發(fā)生結焦。何為結焦？危廢在爐內燃燒最后所形成的灰渣在高溫下熔化后粘結在爐墻、受熱面、爐排上的現象，從物理表象上來(lái)看，就是在設備上結成了一塊一塊類(lèi)似水泥的大塊狀物體，根據現場(chǎng)經(jīng)驗來(lái)看，在回轉窯尾部和爐排入口處很容易發(fā)生結焦，原因是危廢在回轉窯內燃燒，入口段和中間段的燃燒溫度很高，燃燒所形成的灰渣大多融化為液態(tài)或呈軟化狀態(tài)，當這些熔融狀的灰渣接近窯尾或爐排時(shí)，由于燃燒溫度比較低，這些灰渣由于受到冷卻從而粘結在受熱面上。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>對于像回轉窯和爐排型的焚燒爐，在窯尾和爐排入口處結焦，會(huì )影響到爐渣的排出，如果結焦結得嚴重，只能停爐處理。為了防止結焦或是在結焦之后及時(shí)處理，結合實(shí)際工作經(jīng)驗，羅列了以下幾點(diǎn)，比較有實(shí)用性，供大家參考。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>a)在進(jìn)料焚燒前，必須對各種廢料進(jìn)行化驗，對于含有低熔點(diǎn)鹽類(lèi)高的廢料，必須給它進(jìn)行混料，比如摻進(jìn)一些高熔點(diǎn)的廢料或石灰；b)對于大量含有低熔點(diǎn)鹽類(lèi)高的廢料，可以逐步小批量地進(jìn)行焚燒；c)操作人員可以適當提高回轉窯轉速，讓燃燒過(guò)程延后，以免一些低熔點(diǎn)鹽類(lèi)的廢料在回轉窯中部就燃燒成灰渣，在窯尾發(fā)生結焦；d)若在窯尾發(fā)生結焦，可以將燃燒過(guò)程往后推，提高窯尾溫度，來(lái)融化結焦；e)定期進(jìn)行人工打焦；f)在整個(gè)燃燒過(guò)程中，運行人員始終要控制住焚燒爐的溫度，合理配風(fēng)，以防溫度起伏過(guò)大。</span><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><span style="font-family:"font-size:14px;white-space:normal;"> </span>綜上所述，危險廢物的理化特性使得其需無(wú)害化處理后方可填埋，危險廢棄物焚燒處理也是危險廢物為無(wú)害化處理的其中的一個(gè)環(huán)節，焚燒處理可以高溫氧化分解危險廢物，在減量化的同時(shí)也產(chǎn)生了新的污染物，這些污染物的產(chǎn)生受多種復雜因素包括廢物本身的性質(zhì)、焚燒處理工藝、焚燒爐、反應條件、控制水平等方面的制約。通過(guò)在焚燒處理系統的全過(guò)程中對污染物的有效控制途徑，采用合理的技術(shù)方法和措施，可以最終實(shí)現對危險廢物的無(wú)害化處理，避免二次污染的發(fā)生。</span> </blockquote> <blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px;"> <span style="font-size:14px;font-family:""><br /> </span> </blockquote></div> <div id="sshboot" class="fen"> <div id="35ul3ns" class="prew"> <a 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